At the core of the Multi-System RTK Antenna’s capabilities is its broad frequency coverage across key satellite constellations. It supports GPS L1 (1575.42 MHz) and L2 (1227.60 MHz), GLONASS G1 (1602 MHz) and G2 (1246 MHz), COMPASS (BeiDou) B1 (1561.098 MHz), B2 (1207.14 MHz), and B3 (1268.52 MHz), as well as Galileo E1 (1575.42 MHz), L1, E2, E5b (1207.14 MHz), and E6 (1278.75 MHz). This extensive frequency range ensures that the antenna can simultaneously receive signals from dozens of satellites orbiting the Earth, significantly enhancing positioning accuracy and reliability. By tapping into multiple constellations, the antenna mitigates the risks of signal blockages, atmospheric interference, or satellite outages that could compromise the performance of single-system antennas. For example, in regions where GPS signals are weak due to terrain or urban density, signals from GLONASS or BeiDou can fill the gap, ensuring continuous high-precision positioning.

The size of D146.5*62.5mm (diameter 146.5mm, height 62.5mm) strikes a balance between performance and portability. This compact form factor allows for flexible installation in various settings, from surveying equipment mounted on tripods to the roofs of autonomous vehicles or drones. Despite its relatively small size, the antenna’s internal design—including specialized elements for each frequency band—ensures that it can capture and process signals from multiple constellations without mutual interference. The dimensions also make it suitable for integration into ruggedized enclosures, protecting it from environmental hazards in outdoor applications such as construction sites or remote field surveys.

A critical parameter for RTK performance is the axial ratio, specified at ≤3dB. Axial ratio measures the degree of circular polarization purity, with a lower value indicating more perfect circular polarization. GNSS satellites transmit signals using circular polarization (either right-hand or left-hand), which minimizes signal loss caused by atmospheric effects, reflections, and Faraday rotation. An axial ratio of ≤3dB ensures that the antenna maintains near-ideal circular polarization across its operating frequencies, maximizing signal absorption and reducing errors caused by polarization mismatch. This is particularly important for RTK applications, where even minor signal losses can translate into positioning errors of several centimeters—unacceptable for precision tasks like land surveying or infrastructure alignment.

The peak gain of ≥5dBi is optimized to amplify weak satellite signals without introducing excessive noise. Gain in RTK antennas is a delicate balance: sufficient amplification is needed to capture faint signals from low-elevation satellites (which traverse longer atmospheric paths), but too much gain can amplify noise, degrading signal quality. The ≥5dBi specification ensures that the antenna can effectively boost useful signals while maintaining a high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR), a key factor in achieving centimeter-level accuracy. This gain is distributed across the antenna’s frequency bands, with slight variations to account for differences in signal strength and atmospheric attenuation at each frequency. For example, the L2 and G2 bands (around 1227–1246 MHz) may require slightly higher gain than L1 due to higher atmospheric absorption, and the antenna’s design accommodates these variations.

The horizontal coverage angle of 360° is a defining feature for applications requiring omnidirectional satellite visibility. This means the antenna can receive signals from satellites located anywhere in the sky, from the horizon to the zenith, without directional bias. In contrast, some antennas have limited coverage angles, restricting their performance in environments where satellites are clustered in specific parts of the sky (e.g., polar regions). The 360° horizontal coverage ensures that the Multi-System RTK Antenna can track satellites across the entire celestial sphere, maximizing the number of visible satellites and improving positioning redundancy. This is crucial for RTK, which relies on measurements from multiple satellites to resolve ambiguities in carrier-phase data and achieve high precision.